| Satellite Applications |
| Space has become the mainstay of national infrastructure providing vital services. INSAT with more than 210 transponders, is providing tele-communications, television broadcasting, weather forecasting and societal application services such as tele-medicine and tele-education IRS System with Nine satellites in operation is providing data for a variety of application programmes such as Groundwater Prospects Mapping, Crop Acreage and Production Estimation, Potential Fishing Zone Forecast, Biodiversity Characterisation etc., In order to reach space-based services directly to the rural population, nearly 500 Village Resource Centres (VRCs) have been set up in association with NGOs, Institutes and Government Agencies. INSAT Applications The telephone circuit devices through INSAT connect remote inaccessible areas to major cities in India. The launch of INSAT-4A during December 2005, INSAT-4B in and INSAT- 4CR in 2007 have ushered in Direct To Home (DTH) television services in the country. Television reaches 85 percent of India's population via INSAT. Over 200 AIR stations are linked via INSAT network. In the recent years, Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSAT) have revolutionised our telecommunications sector. INSAT supports over 20,000 VSATs for e-commerce and e-governance. National Stock Exchange and Bombay Stock Exchange use VSAT technology across the country for instantaneous transactions. Today exclusive channels are provided for interactive training and Developmental communication including distance learning. India has an exclusive meteorological satellite Kalpana - 1. The imaging instruments (VHRR) & (CCD) collect meteorological data and provide timely warnings on impending cyclones. The data relay transponder in the INSAT system is used for collect real time hydro meteorological data for river monitoring flow forces. The launch of EDUSAT on September 20, 2004 heralded new era in the field of distance education and today, about 35,000 class rooms are in the EDUSAT network providing services at primary, secondary and university levels. The satellite based telemedicine network has expanded its network connecting 375 hospitals (305 remote and rural hospitals including those in Jammu & Kashmir, North Eastern region and Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 13 mobile units and 57 super specialty hospitals in major cities). IRS Applications Imagery taken by Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) Satellite System has found application in diverse fields ranging from agriculture to urban planning. Crop health monitoring, crop yield estimation and drought assessment are the significant areas of application in the agriculture and the allied fields. Soil mapping at different scales with relative ease has become a reality. IRS data has also been used for Ground Water potential zone mapping and mineral targeting tasks. The ocean applications of IRS data include potential fishing zone identification and coastal zone mapping. Forest cover mapping, biodiversity characterisation and monitoring of forest fire is now carried out using IRS imagery. IRS spacecraft provide timely inputs to Flood and earthquake damage assessment thereby providing the necessary supportive strength to disaster management. Even in the field of Archaeological survey, the utility of IRS imagery has been well established. The judicious combination of information derived from space based imagery with the ground based socio economic data is leading to a holistic approach for resource monitoring and its management. Village Resource Centre (VRC) Combining the services offered by INSAT and IRS satellites, a new concept namely Village Resource Centre (VRC) to provide information on natural resources, land and water resources management, tele-medicine, tele-education, adult education, vocational training, health and family welfare programmes has been established. Nearly 500 such VRCs have been established in the country. |
Sunday, 24 April 2011
Satellite Applications
IRS
IRS
(Indian Remote Sensing Satellites System)
The Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite system is one of the largest constellations of remote sensing satellites in operation in the world today. The IRS programme commissioned with launch of IRS-1A in 1988 and presently includes Ten satellites that continue to provide imageries in variety of spatial resolutions from 1 metre to 180 metres.
| 1. | OCEANSAT-2 | Launched on Sept 23, 2009 by PSLV-C14 |
| 2. | RISAT-2 | Launched on Apr 20, 2009 by PSLV-C12 |
| 3. | CARTOSAT-2A | Launched on Apr 28, 2008 by PSLV-C9 |
| 4. | IMS-1 | Launched on Apr 28, 2008 by PSLV-C9 |
| 5. | CARTOSAT - 2 | Launched on Jan 10, 2007 by PSLV-C7 |
| 6. | CARTOSAT-1 | Launched on May 05, 2005 by PSLV-C6 |
| 7. | RESOURCESAT-1 | Launched on Oct 17, 2003 by PSLV-C5 |
| 8. | TES | Launched on Oct 22, 2001 by PSLV-C3 |
| 9. | OCEANSAT-1 | Launched on May 26, 1999 by PSLV-C2 |
| 10. | IRS-1D | Launched on Sep 29, 1997 by PSLV-C1 |
INSAT
INSAT
(Indian National Satellite System)
The INSAT series, commissioned in 1983, has today become one of the largest domestic satellites systems in the Asia, pacific region comprising Eleven satellites in service.
| 1. | INSAT-4CR | Launched on Sep 02, 2007 |
| 2. | INSAT-4B | Launched on Mar 12, 2007 |
| 3. | INSAT-4A | Launched on Dec 22, 2005 |
| 4. | EDUSAT | Launched on Sep 20, 2004 |
| 5. | INSAT-3E | Launched on Sep 28, 2003 |
| 6. | GSAT-2 | Launched on May 08, 2003 |
| 7. | INSAT-3A | Launched on Apr 10, 2003 |
| 8. | KALPANA-1 | Launched on Sep 12, 2002 |
| 9. | INSAT-3C | Launched on Jan 24, 2002 |
| 10. | INSAT-3B | Launched on Mar 22, 2000 |
| 11. | INSAT-2E | Launched on Apr 03, 1999 |
ISRO Current Programe
ISRO Current Programe
From the beginning, space activities in the country, concentrated on achieving self reliance and developing capability to build and launch communication satellites for television broadcast, telecommunications and meteorological applications; remote sensing satellites for management of natural resources.
Accordingly, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has successfully operationalised two major satellite systems namely Indian National Satellites (INSAT) for communication services and Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites for management of natural resources; also, Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) for launching IRS type of satellites and Geostationary Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) for launching INSAT type of satellites.
- Satellites
- INSAT
- IRS
- Launch Vehicle
- PSLV
- GSLV
- Satellite Applications
- SatCom Applications
- Remote Sensing Applications
- VRC
Chandrayaan Mission
Chandrayaan-1
Scientific Objectives
The Chandrayaan-1 mission is aimed at high-resolution remote sensing of the moon in visible, near infrared (NIR), low energy X-rays and high-energy X-ray regions. Specifically the objectives are
· To prepare a three-dimensional atlas (with high spatial and altitude resolution of 5-10 m) of both near and far side of the moon.
· To conduct chemical and mineralogical mapping of the entire lunar surface for distribution of mineral and chemical elements such as Magnesium, Aluminum, Silicon, Calcium, Iron and Titanium as well as high atomic number elements such as Radon, Uranium & Thorium with high spatial resolution.
The Simultaneous photo geological, mineralogical and chemical mapping through Chandrayaan-1 mission will enable identification of different geological units to infer the early evolutionary history of the Moon. The chemical mapping will enable to determine the stratigraphy and nature of the Moon's crust and thereby test certain aspects of magma ocean hypothesis. This may allow to determine the compositions of impactors that bombarded the Moon during its early evolution which is also relevant to the formation of the Earth.
Mission Objectives
· To realise the mission goal of harnessing the science payloads, lunar craft and the launch vehicle with suitable ground support systems including Deep Space Network (DSN) station.
· To realise the integration and testing, launching and achieving lunar polar orbit of about 100 km, in-orbit operation of experiments, communication/ telecommand, telemetry data reception, quick look data and archival for scientific utilisation by scientists.
Mission Sequence
· Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft was launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, SHAR, Sriharikota by PSLV-XL (PSLV-C11) on 22 October 2008 at 06:22 hrs IST.
· On 14 November at 20:06 hrs IST, the Moon Impact Probe (MIP) was ejected from the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft and hard landed on the lunar surface near the South Polar Region at 20:31 hrs IST after 25 minutes journey. It placed the Indian tricolour, which was pasted on the sides of MIP on the Moon.
· Currently, the scientific instruments/payloads are being commissioned sequentially and exploration of Moon with the array of onboard instruments have begun.
Scientific Payloads
Chandrayaan-1 is an Indian Mission to the Moon. The indigenously developed payload/ experiments are:
1. TMC : Terrain Mapping stereo Camera (TMC) in the panchromatic band, having 5 m spatial resolution and 20 km swath
2. HySI : Hyper Spectral Imaging camera (HySI) operating in 400-950 nm bands with a spectral resolution better than 15 nm and spatial resolution of 80 m with a swath of 20 km
3. LLRI : Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument (LLRI) with height resolution of less than 5 m.
4. HEX : High Energy X-ray spectrometer (HEX) using Cadmium-Zinc-Telluride (CdZnTe) detector in the 30- 270 keV energy region with spatial resolution of 33 km
5. MIP : Moon Impact Probe (MIP) as piggyback on the main orbiter of the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft, which will impact on the surface of the moon.
Apart from the above indigenous payloads/experiments, ISRO solicited proposals through an Announcement of Opportunity (AO) from International and Indian Scientific Community for participating in the mission by providing suitable scientific payloads, complementing the overall Chandrayaan-1 scientific objectives. Out of the proposals received, six experiments were selected for inclusion in Chandrayaan-1 mission; two of the AO payloads, C1XS and SARA are developed by ESA jointly with ISRO.
The AO payloads Onboard Chandrayaan-1 are:
1. C1XS : Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS) through ESA - a collaboration between Rutherford Appleton Laboratory,UK and ISRO Satellite Centre, ISRO. Part of this payload is redesigned by ISRO to suit Chandrayaan-1 scientific objectives.
2. SIR2 : Near Infra Red spectrometer (SIR-2) from Max Plank Institute for Solar System Science, through Max-Planck Society, Germany and ESA
3. SARA : Sub keV Atom Reflecting Analyser (SARA) through ESA, from Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Sweden and Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, ISRO. The digital processing unit of this payload/ experiment is designed and developed by ISRO, while Swedish Institute of Space Physics develops the payload.
4. RADOM : Radiation Dose Monitor Experiment (RADOM) from Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
5. MINI-SAR : Miniature Synthetic Aperture Radar (Mini-SAR) from Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University and Naval Air Warfare Centre, USA through NASA
6. M3 : Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) from Brown University and Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USA through NASA.
Summary of Chandrayaan-1 Prime Science Objectives and Wavelength range coverage
Prime Objectives | Payload | |||
Search for water-ice | MiniSAR, HEX, SARA | |||
Chemical Mapping | C1XS, HEX | |||
Mineralogical Mapping | HySI, SIR-2, M3 | |||
Topography Mapping | LLRI,TMC | |||
Radiation Environment | RADOM, HEX, C1XS | |||
Magnetic Field Mapping | SARA | |||
Volatile Transport | HEX | |||
Lunar Atmospheric constituent | MIP | |||
चंद्रयान मिशन हुआ समाप्त
- चंद्रमा पर भेजे गए भारत के पहले अंतरिक्ष यान चंद्रयान-1 का नियंत्रण कक्ष से संपर्क टूट गया, और अधिकारियों का कहना है कि चंद्रयान मिशन समाप्त हो गया है.
· चंद्रयान के प्रोजेक्ट डायरेक्टर एम अन्नादुरै ने 29 अगस्त, 2009 को कहा कि मिशन अब समाप्त हो गया है. चंद्रयान को जो काम करना था उसने पूरा कर दिया था. क़रीब 95 प्रतिशत आँकड़े चंद्रयान भेज चुका है. जो लक्ष्य चंद्रयान को लेकर थे वो लगभग पूरे हो गए हैं चंद्रयान को चंद्रमा के कक्ष में जाना था, कुछ मशीनरी वहाँ स्थापित करनी थी, भारत का झंडा लगाना था और आँकड़े भेजने थे और चंद्रयान ने इसमें से सारे काम लगभग पूरे कर लिए हैं चंद्रयान ने चंद्रमा की कक्षा में 312 दिन बिताए हैं और बड़ी मात्रा में आँकड़े भी भेजे हैं.
· अंतरिक्ष यान चंद्रयान में ख़राबी आने की खबर से भारत के चंद्र अभियान को झटका लगा है.
· आंध्रप्रदेश की सीमा में स्थित श्रीहरिकोटा के सतीश धवन अंतरिक्ष केंद्र से चंद्रयान को 22 अक्टूबर, 2008 को रवाना किया गया था. भारत चाँद को यान भेजने वाला छठा देश बन गया था. चंद्रयान का उद्देश्य चंद्रमा की सतह के विस्तृत नक्शे और पानी के अंश और हीलियम की तलाश करना था.
Chandrayaan- 2
Chandrayaan-2 Mission Finalised
· Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft weighs about 2,650 kg at lift-off of which the orbiter weight is about 1,400 kg and lander weight is about 1,250 kg.
· Development of the subsystems of the orbiter and the rover is in progress at ISRO centres in Bangalore, Thiruvananthapuram and Ahmedabad.
· Chandrayaan 2 will have
1. an orbiter (satellite), : ISRO
2. a lander and : Russia
3. a rover : ISRO
· Chandrayaan-2 is planned to be launched onboard Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota.
· The lander will be provided by Russia, the orbiter and the rover are being built by ISRO.
The payloads to be flown onboard Chandrayaan2 (orbiter and rover) have been finalised by a National committee of experts drawn from ISRO centres, academic institutions and R & D laboratories and Chaired by Prof U R Rao, Chairman, Advisory Committee on Space Sciences (ADCOS) and former Chairman of ISRO.
The committee, after detailed deliberations and considering the mission requirements, weight and power available for scientific payloads, has recommended five payloads to be flown on the orbiter of which three are new and two are improved versions of the payloads flown earlier on Chandrayaan1 orbiter. The committee has also recommended two scientific payloads on the rover of Chandrayaan 2. Inclusion of additional payloads, if possible within the mission constraints, will be considered at a later date following a detailed review.
The five recommended payloads of Chandrayaan-2 orbiter are as follows:
- Large Area Soft X-ray Spectrometer (CLASS) from ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC), Bangalore and Solar X-ray Monitor (XSM) from Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad for mapping the major elements present on the lunar surface.
- L and S band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) from Space Applications Centre (SAC), Ahmedabad for probing the first few tens of meters of the lunar surface for the presence of different constituents including water ice. SAR is expected to provide further evidence confirming the presence of water ice below the shadowed regions of the moon.
- Imaging IR Spectrometer (IIRS) from SAC, Ahmedabad for the mapping of lunar surface over a wide wavelength range for the study of minerals, water molecules and hydroxyl present.
- Neutral Mass Spectrometer (ChACE2) from Space Physics Laboratory (SPL), Thiruvananthapuram to carry out a detailed study of the lunar exosphere.
- Terrain Mapping Camera2 (TMC2) from SAC, Ahmedabad for preparing a three-dimensional map essential for studying the lunar mineralogy and geology.
The two scientific payloads on Chandrayaan-2 rover are:
- Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) from Laboratory for Electro Optic Systems (LEOS), Bangalore
- Alpha Particle Induced X ray Spectroscope (APIXS) from PRL, Ahmedabad.
Both the instruments are expected to carry out elemental analysis of the lunar surface near the landing site.
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